Gen eral ly, a specialty falls into one of three general types: (1) medical (mean ing nonsurg ical) (2) surgic al and (3) miscellaneo us. In British- based systems, physicians in such training programs are referred to as вЂвЂregistrars.вЂ™вЂ™ Although pathology is an essential basic sci- ence within the traditional medical school curriculum, it is also a medical specialty along with others such as internal medicine, sur gery, ped iatr ics, card iol ogy, and radi olog y. Aft er grad uat ing from medica l sch ool, a ph ysic ian may underta ke additional postgra duate specialty trainin g, which in the United States is referred to as the residency years. In these countries, an MD is a higher degree (a doctorate) akin to a medical PhD. In countries outside North America that follow the British system more closely, med- ical students graduate with degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MB, BS or MB, ChB). Physicians with either of these degrees must pass board examinations in order to be licensed to practice medicine and/ or if they want to pursue specialist training. In the United States, there are two types of medical degrees, the MD or doctor of medicine, and the DO or doctor of osteop- athy. For this rea- son, pathology is regarded as one of the basic sciences of med- icine along with other disciplines such as anatomy, microscopic an at om y (вЂ вЂh ist ol og yвЂ™ вЂ™), ph ys iol og y, bi oc he mis try, an d pharmacology. As part of the standard medical school curriculum, all physicians study pathology.

Pathology is the branch of medicine that is involved with the study of injury and disease, and forensic pathology deals with the application of this to the law.

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